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自动驾驶模式其实已经存在我们周围了，比如定速巡航、自动泊车这些我们有了解的常见功能。
某些高级车型还有车距提醒及系统紧急刹车模式，保证驾驶者及车辆的安全。
XC60的City Safety城市安全自动刹车系统，在车速低于30km/h时，可以使用全部制动力，车速高于30km/h时，提供50％的制动力主动减速。
那么这些自动模式是如何分级呢？
今日词条：Classification 分级
A classification system based on six different levels (ranging from fully manual to fully automated systems) was published in 2014 by SAE（Society of Automotive Engineers）International, an automotive standardization body, as J3016. In 2016, SAE updated its classification, called J3016_201609.
基于六个不同的级别(从全手动到全自动系统)，一种分类方法在2014年由汽车标准化机构SAE International(国际汽车工程师学会)公布,叫做J3016。2016年，SAE更新了它的分类，名为J3016_201609。
Levels of driving automation
自动驾驶分类级别
Level 0: Automated system issues warnings and may momentarily intervene but has no sustained vehicle control.
0级：有警报自动提醒，可临时介入但是不能持续控制机动车。
Level 1 (”hands on”): Driver and automated system shares control over the vehicle. An example would be Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) where the driver controls steering and the automated system controls speed. Using Parking Assistance, steering is automated while speed is manual. The driver must be ready to retake full control at any time. Lane Keeping Assistance (LKA) Type II is a further example of level 1 self driving.
1级（需手）：驾驶员和自动系统共同控制车辆。如自适应巡航控制ACC，驾驶员控制方向自动系统控制速度；泊车辅助时，系统控制方向，驾驶员控制速度。驾驶者在任何时候须准备随时掌控。而II型车辆保持系统LKA属于1级驾驶的深层意义范畴。
Level 2 (”hands off”): The automated system takes full control of the vehicle (accelerating, braking, and steering). The driver must monitor the driving and be prepared to immediately intervene at any time if the automated system fails to respond properly. The shorthand ”hands off” is not meant to be taken literally. In fact, contact between hand and wheel is often mandatory during SAE 2 driving, to confirm that the driver is ready to intervene.Tesla Autopilot system is considered an SAE level 2 system.
2级（离手）：自动系统完全控制机动车，包括加速、刹车、方向控制。驾驶者需要监视驾驶并在系统反应错误时随时介入。简称“离手”不要按字面意思来理解。事实上，在SEA2中保持手和方向盘的联系是强制性的，确保驾驶者随时介入。特斯拉自动航行系统就属于2级（尽管发生过两次系统问题导致的驾驶员事件，其中一例发生在中国京港澳高速段）
Level 3 (”eyes off”): The driver can safely turn their attention away from the driving tasks, e.g. the driver can text or watch a movie. The vehicle will handle situations that call for an immediate response, like emergency braking. The driver must still be prepared to intervene within some limited time, specified by the manufacturer, when called upon by the vehicle to do so. The 2018 Audi A8 Luxury Sedan was the first commercial car to claim to be able to do level 3 self driving. The car has a so-called Traffic Jam Pilot. When activated by the human driver, the car takes full control of all aspects of driving in slow-moving traffic at up to 60 kilometers per hour. The function works only on highways with a physical barrier separating oncoming traffic.
3级（“离眼”）：司机可以安全地将注意力从驾驶任务上转移开。如，驾驶者可以打字看电影。汽车可以根据情况做出紧急反应，比如制动。制造商表明，在有需要时，驾驶者偶尔依然也要做好介入准备。2018款奥迪豪华轿车是第一个号称可以达到3级无人驾驶标准的商务用车。它的堵车巡航模式被启动后，系统可以完全控制汽车，在时速低于60km/h的驾驶环境中自动行驶。而此功能要在有隔离带的高速路应用，以避开对侧车辆的干扰。
Level 4 (”mind off”): As level 3, but no driver attention is ever required for safety, i.e. the driver may safely go to sleep or leave the driver's seat. Self driving is supported only in limited areas (geofenced) or under special circumstances, like traffic jams. Outside of these areas or circumstances, the vehicle must be able to safely abort the trip, i.e. park the car, if the driver does not retake control.
4级（“离心”）：同3级标准一样，驾驶员无需投入精力，他可以选择睡一觉或者离开驾驶座位做点别的。自动驾驶模式只支持设有地理围栏的有限区域或某些特定的环境（如堵车）。在这些环境外，如驾驶者不能取得操控时，机动车必须能自动安全地中止行进（如驻车）。
Level 5 (”steering wheel optional”): No human intervention is required. An example would be a robotic taxi.
5级（“方向盘可选”）：无需人类介入。例如机器人出租车。
In the formal SAE definition , what happens in the shift from SAE 2 to from SAE 3: the human driver no longer has to monitor the environment. This is the final aspect of the ”dynamic driving task” that is now passed over from the human to the automated system.
At SAE 3, the human driver still has the responsibility to intervene when asked to do so by the automated system.
At SAE 4 the human driver is relieved of that responsibility and at SAE 5 the automated system will never need to ask for an intervention.
SAE的定义中可看出：从2级到3级驾驶员不再必须要监视驾驶环境，这是“动态驾驶任务模式”DDT从人类驾驶到自动驾驶模式最后过渡。在3级中，人类驾驶员在系统有需要时，依然要准备介入。在4级中人类得以从驾驶座位放松下来，到了5级自动驾驶系统才完全解放驾驶员。
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